Few illuminated manuscripts were signed by their creators, but those that have a signature were usually signed by men. Historians have long assumed that monks rather than nuns were the main producers of books in medieval Europe. ’10, of the Max Planck Institute, and co-authors, suggest she was a skilled manuscript painter, providing the earliest direct evidence of the pigment’s use by a woman in Germany ( Updated January 10, 2019, to reflect the names of the lead authors of this study). The findings, published this week in Science Advances by co-first authors Anita Radini of the University of York and Monica Tromp of the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, senior author Christina Warinner, Ph.D. Recently, researchers discovered the remains of lapis lazuli in the calcified dental plaque of a woman (identified as B78), buried in the cemetery of a small women’s monastery in Dalheim, in western Germany, between 9. The pigment’s travels reflect the activity of merchants and artists around the world. Blue pigment rarely occurs in nature, making the rock exceptionally expensive in medieval Europe, where the pigment was used to illustrate the most luxurious illuminated manuscripts, it was as valuable as gold. For centuries, people from South Asia to Mesopotamia to Europe have traded lapis lazuli, a brilliant blue rock used to make ultramarine pigment, found in mines in present-day Afghanistan.
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